Elements of Carbon Balance in Oligotrophic Bogs

Elements of carbon balance of oligotrophic bogs were studied using an example of the landscape profile of the Klyuch River in 1998–2000. Carbon balance was preliminarily calculated taking into account the biological productivity, release of carbon dioxide and methane, and carbon outflow with bog waters. Based on the data obtained on the carbon inflow and outflow, the conclusion was made concerning the progressive peat formation in the region studied.     

Carbon Emission by Soils in Forests Damaged by the Siberian Moth

In the southern-taiga low grass–green moss fir forest completely defoliated by the Siberian moth, the rate of soil respiration in the third year after the pest population outbreak was 1.5 times higher than in an undisturbed tree stand. This was explained by a significant increase in the abundance and activity of soil microorganisms in the pest-defoliated forest, which occurred due to the qualitative changes in the litter composition and the increased temperature and moisture in the upper soil layers. The rate of carbon emission from the soil in the defoliated forest was 41.7 kg/ha per day, compared to 28.3 kg/ha per day in the undisturbed fir forest.     

N_2/CO_2/H_2O抑制甲烷爆炸化学动力学机理分析

应用敏感性分析方法对N2,CO2和H2O抑制甲烷爆炸的化学动力学机理进行了理论分析,结果表明:在N2,CO2和H2O的抑制作用下,在甲烷氧化链式反应进程中起关键"桥梁"作用的自由基——CH3和HCO的生成受到强烈抑制,从而使得甲烷氧化链式反应进程受到影响和破坏;CO2和H2O除了具有N2所具有的抑燃、抑爆特性外,还会参与甲烷氧化链式反应,并对CH4氧化放热产生阻碍作用。     

Waste materials for activated carbon preparation and its use in aqueous-phase treatment: a review

Commercial activated carbon is a preferred adsorbent for the removal of micropollutants from the aqueous phase; however, its widespread use is restricted due to high associated costs. To decrease treatment costs, attempts have been made to find inexpensive alternative activated carbon (AC) precursors, such as waste materials. Some reviews report the use of waste materials for the preparation of AC; however, these studies are restricted to either type of wastes, preparation procedures, or specific aqueous-phase applications. The present work reviews and evaluates literature dedicated both to the preparation of AC by recycling different types of waste materials and also to its application in various aqueous-phase treatments. It is clear that conventional (from agriculture and wood industry) and non-conventional (from municipal and industrial activities) wastes can be used to prepare AC, that can be applied in various aqueous treatment processes, namely to remove organic pollutants, dyes, volatile organic compounds, and heavy metals. Moreover, high surface areas can be obtained using either physical or chemical activation; however, combined treatments might enhance the surface properties of the adsorbent, therefore increasing its adsorption capacity. It is evident from the revision made that AC prepared from both conventional and non-conventional wastes might effectively compete with the commercial ones. This happens mostly when the activation procedures are optimized considering both the raw material used to produce the carbons and the contaminants to be removed.     

Wood carbon content of tree species in Eastern China: interspecific variability and the importance of the volatile fraction

Data on the mass density and carbon content of tree organs, and in particular stem wood, are essential for accurate assessments of forest carbon sequestration. However most available data, including that for East Asia, has neglected the volatile C fraction. Wood samples were collected and assayed for C content from 14 native tree species in Jilin Province, NE China. C content showed statistically significant variation among species, ranging from 48.4% to 51.0%. The volatile C fraction was non-negligible, averaging 2.2%, and showed high variation among species. As found in prior studies, wood C content was appreciably higher in conifer than hardwood (angiosperm) species (50.8+/-0.1% vs. 49.5+/-0.2%, respectively). Wood carbon density (gC/cm(3)) showed very high inter-specific variation, due mainly to differences in wood specific gravity. Our analyses, in conjunction with recently published data from North America, indicate a global mean value of 47.5+/-0.5% wood C content exclusive of volatile C; the widely used 50% figure corresponds more closely to total wood C inclusive of the volatile fraction. Failure to include volatile C or to use species- or higher-taxon-specific C content values in forest C assessments is likely to introduce biases on the order approximately 4-6%. In addition, the stocks and flows of the volatile C fraction in wood are in themselves an important and sorely neglected aspect of forest C processes likely to be strongly impacted by harvests and other management practices.     

近十年来大理州旅游业碳足迹演变分析（2000-2011年）

应用以生命周期为原理的碳足迹评价方法,以云南省大理白族自治州旅游业发展为研究对象,计算得出游客在2000-2011年交通、住宿、饮食、游览、娱乐、购物六个方面所留下的碳足迹.研究结果表明,交通和游购娱的碳足迹总量占比重较大,说明大理州旅游业依然停留在传统观光旅游阶段.通过分析大理州旅游业发展面临的问题,在些基础上提出了促进大理州低碳旅游发展的策略.     

废轮胎等离子体热解固体产物性质研究

等离子体热解废弃轮胎的产物包括可燃气、固体产物两部分,本文利用工业分析、元素分析、SEM扫描、XPS表面分析、NMR分析等手段考察了等离子体热解固体产物的特性,并与轮胎工业用碳黑做了对比研究。研究结果表明,废轮胎等离子体热解固体产物可作为热解碳黑进行回收利用。     

Hyperautomobility and Governmentality in Auckland

Abstract

A number of cities around the world are associated with very high levels of private motor car usage, and Auckland provides an example of one of these ‘hyperautomobile’ cities. There are many problems with this system of transportation and dependence on the private car, including environmental, social and city design dimensions. Though there is a clear aspiration to move towards reduced levels of car usage in the city's transport and spatial planning strategies, there are major difficulties in implementation terms. We develop and consider future scenarios to 2041 to reduce these levels of motorization, and subsequent transport CO₂ emissions, with a much greater use of public transport, walking and cycling, urban planning, and low emission vehicles. The current implementability of such a ‘sustainable mobility’ future is however questioned in the current political and social context, and critically debated in terms of the available governance mechanisms and the limited attempts to shape the behaviour of the public. We conclude by calling for a reconsideration of the policy measures being considered, including the range and levels of application and investment; with a much wider framing of the transport planning remit, and carried out within a much stronger participatory framework for decision-making.     

低碳经济视角下的城市圈土地节约集约利用评价研究——基于遗传算法的投影寻踪模型

从低碳经济视角出发,运用基于遗传算法的投影寻踪模型对武汉城市圈低碳土地节约基于利用水平进行了评价研究.结果显示,各市低碳土地节约集约利用水平差异较大,发展极不协调,难以有效地实现城市圈协同发展.武汉城市圈应以整体效益最大化为目标,注重保护环境与经济增长相结合,大力发展低碳经济,以协同发展促进低碳土地利用.     

负载稀土元素活性碳纤维在微型反应器中净化NO废气

以NH3为还原剂，以活性碳纤维（ACF）、HNO，浸渍的ACF、负载CuO的ACF和负载La2O3的ACF为催化剂，在微型反应器中考察各种催化剂对NO催化还原的活性，并进行了差热-热重、扫描电镜分析。实验结果表明，ACF负载La能有效地改善催化剂的活性，且催化活性中心为非晶态的氧化物；当ACF负载20％的La2O3时具有最好的低温活性，NO的去除率最高可达92％以上。